This is the ninth article in our special series to commemorate a century of innovation in the HVAC&R arts and sciences.

The early automobiles at the turn of the century were like horse-drawn carriages except that they were powered by electric batteries or gasoline-burning internal combustion engines. The driver and passengers sat on a seat and had no protection from the elements except for special clothng designed for motoring such as storm aprons made from heavy rubber cloth, lap robes, long fur coats, fur hats, mufflers, leather gloves and boots. This article discusses the early attempts at creating a more comfortable ride.