It is necessary for those who design and install closed-loop ground-coupled heat pumps systems to be aware of applicable environmental regulations. Over half of the states in the United States have regulations specifying grouts and/or grouting techniques that may be used around the ground loop of a closed-loop ground-coupled heat pump system. A number of other states have regulations pending. While all of these regulations are based on the need to preserve groundwater and aquifer quality, the list of grouts and grouting practices varies greatly from state to state among those who have specific requirements. Typical grouts that are acceptable include high solids bentonite and cements. Placement techniques may also be specified, usually requiring placement by high-pressure tremie. The status of the regulations has been determined for all of the states. An overview of the regulations is presented, along with a summary of the states' concerns.

Units: Dual