The purpose of this study, which was sponsored by the American Water Works Association Research Foundation (AWWARF), is to investigate the development of both direct and indirect methods and determine their practicality. The objective of this study is the demonstration of lead water service line location techniques. This objective is met through the following: Identification and evaluation of any emerging techniques or technologies through a thorough search of literature, patents, and contacts with manufacturers; Development of emerging technologies or enhancement of current technologies as potential direct methods; and Development of potential indirect methods through the survey of utilities and the use of utility records, databases, procedures, and statistical methods.