The mobile environment cumulates numerous risk factors consisting of (a) unattended terminals, (b) card-not-present transactions, (c) untrustworthy platforms, and (d) persistent wireless connections. Further the mobile network operator (MNO) infrastructure may not provide sufficient security that can be relied upon to protect data in transmission. From a security perspective mobile commerce has all of the same vulnerabilities as the Internet and wireless environments combined; and from a business perspective it encompasses three disparate industries: the financial services, mobile telecommunications, and manufacturing mobile platforms.