IN THE AGE OF JIT (JUST IN TIME) PRODUCTION, QUICK JOB CHANGEOVER IS VERY ESSENTIAL TO MEET THE GOALS OF SMALL LOT CUSTOMIZED PIECE PRODUCTION. IN MACHINE SHOP TERMINOLOGY, THIS TRANSLATES TO SAYING THAT THE SETUP TIME SHOULD BE REDUCED. THIS PAPER ANALYZES SETUP TIME AS IT RELATES TO CNC TURNING CENTERS AND MACHINING CENTERS. IT ALSO POINTS OUT TO THE DEGREE OF HUMAN SKILL REQUIRED FOR DOING THE SETUP, EVEN WITH CNC MACHINES. IT THEN DETAILS THE FEATURES THAT ARE BUILT IN THE MACHINES AND CONTROLS, USING EXISTING TECHNOLOGIES, TO REDUCE THE SETUP TIME AS WELL AS THE DEGREE OF HUMAN SKILL REQUIRED TO DO THE SETUP.