While water-cooled systems often reduce building energy use, there has been a dramatic improvement in air-cooled chiller performance. Fresh water scarcityresults in increased water treatment plant operational cost and distribution infrastructure maintenance cost, all of which lead to higher customer charges.Simultaneously, major growth of renewable energy generation in the grid energy mix affects both process water used and greenhouse gases emitted. Themarket's demand for sustainability through both energy and water efficiency must be weighed carefully as competing interests continue to evolve rapidly overthe next several years. This parametric study evaluates the impacts of water-cooled chiller plants versus air-cooled chiller plants and identifies trends inenergy and fresh water consumption.