An investigation has been completed that explored possible procedures for the development of improved ice-making techniques that could be applied to the operation of storage heat pumps and ice thermal storage. The research included the investigation of relevant information on the present state of the art of near icephobic coatings, electrical effects, water additives, mechanical removal methods, and other means by which to modify the growth of ice and allow for ice production at reduced costs. The research has helped to identify the procedures needed to approach the natural shedding of ice accretion and "slush" ice production. Contained in this report are discussions of the review of the relevant literature and the experimental procedures used in seeking natural ice separation. The most significant result of this research project--ice layers approximately 6 mm (1/4 in) in thickness will self-release when grown from electrolyte/water solutions on a plate submerged in 1.25 m (4 ft) of water--is discussed. Some othel potential technologies not tested are also discussed.

Units: Dual