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Permeate post-treatment for RO and NF membrane processes in general can be fairly extensive and depends to a large extent upon the type and quality of the raw water supply. The primary post-treatment unit operations covered in this paper are alkalinity recovery, gas stripping, disinfection, and stabilization or corrosion control. In addition, examples of typical water quality changes expected in post-treatment are illustrated for a sea water, brackish water, a coastal Florida aquifer, and coastal surficial Florida groundwater.