Water distribution systems are complex networks of tanks, pipes, pumps and valves. Distribution systems are designed to meet consumer demands while satisfying performance criteria such as providing minimum pressures with specified reliability and water quality. In recent years, a good deal of research has gone into the application of formal optimization procedures to the design of water distribution networks. The most successful optimization techniques to be applied to this problem involve the use of genetic algorithms (GAs) which are a class of algorithms based on artificial evolution. They simulate the mechanisms of population genetics and natural selection to develop designs that are low-cost and well adapted to the criteria that they must satisfy. GAs can be applied at the detailed design, planning or concept design phase. This paper examines the application of GAs to the concept design phase for a new water distribution network that will supply water to farms and country towns in rural Australia. The GA concept design approach considers the system capital costs such as the costs of pipes, pump stations and tanks, as well as the projected lifetime pump operating costs. The GA approach incorporates a hydraulic network solver to ensure that all performance criteria for the system are met. Includes 6 references, tables, figures.