Complex residual stresses occur in welds and their distribution patterns. This complete chapter from the Welding Handbook, 9th Ed., Vol. 1, presents a highly intelligible explanation of stress in single and multipass welds produced by the arc welding processes. If you need to know the nature, causes, and effects of residual stress and distortion, andor the factors that increase or decrease the magnitude of stress in welds, this publication is a musthave. It also covers methods of calculating and measuring residual stress and distortion, and reduction and control techniques.